Substantial Differences in Specificity of HIV-specific Cytotoxic T Cells in Acute and Chronic HIV Infection

doi:10.1084/jem.193.2.181

Published online 8 January 2001.

This Article

	Full Text
	Full Text (PDF, 347K)
	Alert me when this article is cited
	Citation Map

Services

	Email this article
	Similar articles in this journal
	Similar articles in PubMed
	Alert me to new content in the JEM
	Download to citation manager

Citing Articles

	Citing Articles via HighWire
	Citing Articles via CrossRef
	Citing Articles via Google Scholar

Google Scholar

	Articles by Goulder, P. J.R.
	Articles by Brander, C.
	Search for Related Content

PubMed

	PubMed Citation
	Articles by Goulder, P. J.R.
	Articles by Brander, C.


Social Bookmarking

	What's this?

© The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007/2001/1/181/ $5.00
The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Volume 193, Number 2, January 15, 2001 181-194

Original Article

Substantial Differences in Specificity of HIV-specific Cytotoxic T Cells in Acute and Chronic HIV Infection

Philip J.R. Goulder^a,b, Marcus A. Altfeld^a, Eric S. Rosenberg^a, Thi Nguyen^a, Yanhua Tang^a, Robert L. Eldridge^a, Marylyn M. Addo^a, Suqin He^a, Joia S. Mukherjee^a, Mary N. Phillips^a, Michael Bunce^c, Spyros A. Kalams^a, Rafick P. Sekaly^d, Bruce D. Walker^a, and Christian Brander^a
^a Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
^b Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
^c Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
^d Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada

Correspondence to: Philip J.R. Goulder, Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th St., Bldg. 149, Rm. 5218, Charlestown, MA 02129. Tel:617-726-5787 Fax:617-726-5411 E-mail:goulder{at}helix.mgh.harvard.edu.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a vital part in controllingviral replication during human viral infections. Most studiesin human infections have focused on CTL specificities in chronicinfection and few data exist regarding the specificity of theinitial CTL response induced in acute infection. In this study,HIV-1 infection in persons expressing human histocompatibilityleukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 was used as a means of addressingthis issue. In chronic infection, the dominant HLA-A*0201–restrictedCTL response is directed towards the epitope SLYNTVATL ("SL9")in p17 Gag (residues 77–85). This epitope is targetedby 75% of HLA-A*0201–positive adults, and the magnitudeof this A*0201-SL9 response shows a strong negative associationwith viral load in progressive infection. Despite using thehighly sensitive peptide–major histocompatibility complextetramer and intracellular cytokine assays, responses to theSL9 epitope were not detectable in any of 11 HLA-A*0201–positivesubjects with acute HIV-1 infection (P = 2 x 10^-6), even whenassays were repeated using the SL9 peptide variant that wasencoded by their autologous virus. In contrast, multiple responses(median 3) to other epitopes were evident in 7 of the 11 A*0201–positivesubjects. Longitudinal study of two subjects confirmed thatthe A*0201-SL9 response emerged later than other CTL responses,and after viral set point had been reached. Together, thesedata show that the CTL responses that are present and that evenmay dominate in chronic infection may differ substantially fromthose that constitute the initial antiviral CTL response. Thisfinding is an important consideration in vaccine design andin the evaluation of vaccine candidates.

Key Words: acute, chronic, HIV infection, immunodominance, epitope targeting

Add to CiteULike CiteULike Add to Complore Complore Add to Connotea Connotea Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us Add to Digg Digg Add to Reddit Reddit Add to Technorati Technorati What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

Carnero, E., Li, W., Borderia, A. V., Moltedo, B., Moran, T., Garcia-Sastre, A. (2009). Optimization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gag Expression by Newcastle Disease Virus Vectors for the Induction of Potent Immune Responses. J. Virol. 83: 584-597 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gray, C. M., Mlotshwa, M., Riou, C., Mathebula, T., de Assis Rosa, D., Mashishi, T., Seoighe, C., Ngandu, N., van Loggerenberg, F., Morris, L., Mlisana, K., Williamson, C., Karim, S. A., on behalf of the CAPRISA 002 Acute Infection Study, (2009). Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Gamma Interferon Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay Responses Targeting Specific Regions of the Proteome during Primary Subtype C Infection Are Poor Predictors of the Course of Viremia and Set Point. J. Virol. 83: 470-478 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Brumme, Z. L., Brumme, C. J., Carlson, J., Streeck, H., John, M., Eichbaum, Q., Block, B. L., Baker, B., Kadie, C., Markowitz, M., Jessen, H., Kelleher, A. D., Rosenberg, E., Kaldor, J., Yuki, Y., Carrington, M., Allen, T. M., Mallal, S., Altfeld, M., Heckerman, D., Walker, B. D. (2008). Marked Epitope- and Allele-Specific Differences in Rates of Mutation in Human Immunodeficiency Type 1 (HIV-1) Gag, Pol, and Nef Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitopes in Acute/Early HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol. 82: 9216-9227 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ueno, T., Motozono, C., Dohki, S., Mwimanzi, P., Rauch, S., Fackler, O. T., Oka, S., Takiguchi, M. (2008). CTL-Mediated Selective Pressure Influences Dynamic Evolution and Pathogenic Functions of HIV-1 Nef. J. Immunol. 180: 1107-1116 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Price, D. A., Bitmansour, A. D., Edgar, J. B., Walker, J. M., Axthelm, M. K., Douek, D. C., Picker, L. J. (2008). Induction and Evolution of Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD4+ T Cell Clonotypes in Rhesus Macaques. J. Immunol. 180: 269-280 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Geldmacher, C., Gray, C., Nason, M., Currier, J. R., Haule, A., Njovu, L., Geis, S., Hoffmann, O., Maboko, L., Meyerhans, A., Cox, J., Hoelscher, M. (2007). A High Viral Burden Predicts the Loss of CD8 T-Cell Responses Specific for Subdominant Gag Epitopes during Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J. Virol. 81: 13809-13815 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Karlsson, A. C., Chapman, J. M., Heiken, B. D., Hoh, R., Kallas, E. G., Martin, J. N., Hecht, F. M., Deeks, S. G., Nixon, D. F. (2007). Antiretroviral Drug Therapy Alters the Profile of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific T-Cell Responses and Shifts the Immunodominant Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response from Gag to Pol. J. Virol. 81: 11543-11548 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Crawford, H., Prado, J. G., Leslie, A., Hue, S., Honeyborne, I., Reddy, S., van der Stok, M., Mncube, Z., Brander, C., Rousseau, C., Mullins, J. I., Kaslow, R., Goepfert, P., Allen, S., Hunter, E., Mulenga, J., Kiepiela, P., Walker, B. D., Goulder, P. J. R. (2007). Compensatory Mutation Partially Restores Fitness and Delays Reversion of Escape Mutation within the Immunodominant HLA-B*5703-Restricted Gag Epitope in Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol. 81: 8346-8351 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Schaubert, K. L., Price, D. A., Frahm, N., Li, J., Ng, H. L., Joseph, A., Paul, E., Majumder, B., Ayyavoo, V., Gostick, E., Adams, S., Marincola, F. M., Sewell, A. K., Altfeld, M., Brenchley, J. M., Douek, D. C., Yang, O. O., Brander, C., Goldstein, H., Kan-Mitchell, J. (2007). Availability of a Diversely Avid CD8+ T Cell Repertoire Specific for the Subdominant HLA-A2-Restricted HIV-1 Gag p2419-27 Epitope. J. Immunol. 178: 7756-7766 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hasegawa, A., Moriya, C., Liu, H., Charini, W. A., Vinet, H. C., Subbramanian, R. A., Sen, P., Letvin, N. L., Kuroda, M. J. (2007). Analysis of TCR{alpha}beta Combinations used by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Rhesus Monkeys: Implications for CTL Immunodominance. J. Immunol. 178: 3409-3417 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Geldmacher, C., Currier, J. R., Herrmann, E., Haule, A., Kuta, E., McCutchan, F., Njovu, L., Geis, S., Hoffmann, O., Maboko, L., Williamson, C., Birx, D., Meyerhans, A., Cox, J., Hoelscher, M. (2007). CD8 T-Cell Recognition of Multiple Epitopes within Specific Gag Regions Is Associated with Maintenance of a Low Steady-State Viremia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Seropositive Patients. J. Virol. 81: 2440-2448 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Breton, M., Zhao, C., Ouellette, M., Tremblay, M. J., Papadopoulou, B. (2007). A recombinant non-pathogenic Leishmania vaccine expressing human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) Gag elicits cell-mediated immunity in mice and decreases HIV-1 replication in human tonsillar tissue following exposure to HIV-1 infection. J. Gen. Virol. 88: 217-225 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mealey, R. H., Lee, J.-H., Leib, S. R., Littke, M. H., McGuire, T. C. (2006). A Single Amino Acid Difference within the {alpha}-2 Domain of Two Naturally Occurring Equine MHC Class I Molecules Alters the Recognition of Gag and Rev Epitopes by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus-Specific CTL. J. Immunol. 177: 7377-7390 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Horton, H., Havenar-Daughton, C., Lee, D., Moore, E., Cao, J., McNevin, J., Andrus, T., Zhu, H., Rubin, A., Zhu, T., Celum, C., McElrath, M. J. (2006). Induction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific T-Cell Responses in HIV Vaccine Trial Participants Who Subsequently Acquire HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol. 80: 9779-9788 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kan-Mitchell, J., Bajcz, M., Schaubert, K. L., Price, D. A., Brenchley, J. M., Asher, T. E., Douek, D. C., Ng, H. L., Yang, O. O., Rinaldo, C. R. Jr., Benito, J. M., Bisikirska, B., Hegde, R., Marincola, F. M., Boggiano, C., Wilson, D., Abrams, J., Blondelle, S. E., Wilson, D. B. (2006). Degeneracy and Repertoire of the Human HIV-1 Gag p1777-85 CTL Response.. J. Immunol. 176: 6690-6701 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wang, Z., Metcalf, B., Ribeiro, R. M., McClure, H., Kaur, A. (2006). Th-1-Type Cytotoxic CD8+ T-Lymphocyte Responses to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Are a Consistent Feature of Natural SIV Infection in Sooty Mangabeys. J. Virol. 80: 2771-2783 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tebo, A. E., Fuller, M. J., Gaddis, D. E., Kojima, K., Rehani, K., Zajac, A. J. (2005). Rapid Recruitment of Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells Restructures Immunodominance during Protective Secondary Responses. J. Virol. 79: 12703-12713 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Woodberry, T., Suscovich, T. J., Henry, L. M., August, M., Waring, M. T., Kaur, A., Hess, C., Kutok, J. L., Aster, J. C., Wang, F., Scadden, D. T., Brander, C. (2005). {alpha}E{beta}7 (CD103) Expression Identifies a Highly Active, Tonsil-Resident Effector-Memory CTL Population. J. Immunol. 175: 4355-4362 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Edwards, C. T. T., Pfafferott, K. J., Goulder, P. J. R., Phillips, R. E., Holmes, E. C. (2005). Intrapatient Escape in the A*0201-Restricted Epitope SLYNTVATL Drives Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 at the Population Level. J. Virol. 79: 9363-9366 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Altfeld, M., Allen, T. M., Kalife, E. T., Frahm, N., Addo, M. M., Mothe, B. R., Rathod, A., Reyor, L. L., Harlow, J., Yu, X. G., Perkins, B., Robinson, L. K., Sidney, J., Alter, G., Lichterfeld, M., Sette, A., Rosenberg, E. S., Goulder, P. J. R., Brander, C., Walker, B. D. (2005). The Majority of Currently Circulating Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clade B Viruses Fail To Prime Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses against an Otherwise Immunodominant HLA-A2-Restricted Epitope: Implications for Vaccine Design. J. Virol. 79: 5000-5005 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Leslie, A., Kavanagh, D., Honeyborne, I., Pfafferott, K., Edwards, C., Pillay, T., Hilton, L., Thobakgale, C., Ramduth, D., Draenert, R., Le Gall, S., Luzzi, G., Edwards, A., Brander, C., Sewell, A. K., Moore, S., Mullins, J., Moore, C., Mallal, S., Bhardwaj, N., Yusim, K., Phillips, R., Klenerman, P., Korber, B., Kiepiela, P., Walker, B., Goulder, P. (2005). Transmission and accumulation of CTL escape variants drive negative associations between HIV polymorphisms and HLA. JEM 201: 891-902 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lee, J. K., Stewart-Jones, G., Dong, T., Harlos, K., Di Gleria, K., Dorrell, L., Douek, D. C., van der Merwe, P. A., Jones, E. Y., McMichael, A. J. (2004). T Cell Cross-Reactivity and Conformational Changes during TCR Engagement. JEM 200: 1455-1466 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ferrari, G., Neal, W., Ottinger, J., Jones, A. M., Edwards, B. H., Goepfert, P., Betts, M. R., Koup, R. A., Buchbinder, S., McElrath, M. J., Tartaglia, J., Weinhold, K. J. (2004). Absence of Immunodominant Anti-Gag p17 (SL9) Responses among Gag CTL-Positive, HIV-Uninfected Vaccine Recipients Expressing the HLA-A*0201 Allele. J. Immunol. 173: 2126-2133 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kan-Mitchell, J., Bisikirska, B., Wong-Staal, F., Schaubert, K. L., Bajcz, M., Bereta, M. (2004). The HIV-1 HLA-A2-SLYNTVATL Is a Help-Independent CTL Epitope. J. Immunol. 172: 5249-5261 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gibson, L., Piccinini, G., Lilleri, D., Revello, M. G., Wang, Z., Markel, S., Diamond, D. J., Luzuriaga, K. (2004). Human Cytomegalovirus Proteins pp65 and Immediate Early Protein 1 Are Common Targets for CD8+ T Cell Responses in Children with Congenital or Postnatal Human Cytomegalovirus Infection. J. Immunol. 172: 2256-2264 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ali, A., Lubong, R., Ng, H., Brooks, D. G., Zack, J. A., Yang, O. O. (2004). Impacts of Epitope Expression Kinetics and Class I Downregulation on the Antiviral Activity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. J. Virol. 78: 561-567 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Draenert, R., Verrill, C. L., Tang, Y., Allen, T. M., Wurcel, A. G., Boczanowski, M., Lechner, A., Kim, A. Y., Suscovich, T., Brown, N. V., Addo, M. M., Walker, B. D. (2004). Persistent Recognition of Autologous Virus by High-Avidity CD8 T Cells in Chronic, Progressive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol. 78: 630-641 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Peyerl, F. W., Barouch, D. H., Yeh, W. W., Bazick, H. S., Kunstman, J., Kunstman, K. J., Wolinsky, S. M., Letvin, N. L. (2003). Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Escape from Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Recognition at a Structurally Constrained Epitope. J. Virol. 77: 12572-12578 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jamieson, B. D., Yang, O. O., Hultin, L., Hausner, M. A., Hultin, P., Matud, J., Kunstman, K., Killian, S., Altman, J., Kommander, K., Korber, B., Giorgi, J., Wolinsky, S. (2003). Epitope Escape Mutation and Decay of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CTL Responses. J. Immunol. 171: 5372-5379 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Daftarian, P., Ali, S., Sharan, R., Lacey, S. F., La Rosa, C., Longmate, J., Buck, C., Siliciano, R. F., Diamond, D. J. (2003). Immunization with Th-CTL Fusion Peptide and Cytosine-Phosphate-Guanine DNA in Transgenic HLA-A2 Mice Induces Recognition of HIV-Infected T Cells and Clears Vaccinia Virus Challenge. J. Immunol. 171: 4028-4039 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yang, O. O., Sarkis, P. T. N., Trocha, A., Kalams, S. A., Johnson, R. P., Walker, B. D. (2003). Impacts of Avidity and Specificity on the Antiviral Efficiency of HIV-1-Specific CTL. J. Immunol. 171: 3718-3724 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cao, J., McNevin, J., Malhotra, U., McElrath, M. J. (2003). Evolution of CD8+ T Cell Immunity and Viral Escape Following Acute HIV-1 Infection. J. Immunol. 171: 3837-3846 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Feeney, M. E., Roosevelt, K. A., Tang, Y., Pfafferott, K. J., McIntosh, K., Burchett, S. K., Mao, C., Walker, B. D., Goulder, P. J. R. (2003). Comprehensive Screening Reveals Strong and Broadly Directed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD8 Responses in Perinatally Infected Children. J. Virol. 77: 7492-7501 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Alter, G., Hatzakis, G., Tsoukas, C. M., Pelley, K., Rouleau, D., LeBlanc, R., Baril, J.-G., Dion, H., Lefebvre, E., Thomas, R., Cote, P., Lapointe, N., Routy, J.-P., Sekaly, R.-P., Conway, B., Bernard, N. F. (2003). Longitudinal Assessment of Changes in HIV-Specific Effector Activity in HIV-Infected Patients Starting Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Primary Infection. J. Immunol. 171: 477-488 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lucchiari-Hartz, M., Lindo, V., Hitziger, N., Gaedicke, S., Saveanu, L., van Endert, P. M., Greer, F., Eichmann, K., Niedermann, G. (2003). Differential proteasomal processing of hydrophobic and hydrophilic protein regions: Contribution to cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope clustering in HIV-1-Nef. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 7755-7760 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cao, J., McNevin, J., Holte, S., Fink, L., Corey, L., McElrath, M. J. (2003). Comprehensive Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific Gamma Interferon-Secreting CD8+ T Cells in Primary HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol. 77: 6867-6878 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Migueles, S. A., Laborico, A. C., Imamichi, H., Shupert, W. L., Royce, C., McLaughlin, M., Ehler, L., Metcalf, J., Liu, S., Hallahan, C. W., Connors, M. (2003). The Differential Ability of HLA B*5701+ Long-Term Nonprogressors and Progressors To Restrict Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication Is Not Caused by Loss of Recognition of Autologous Viral gag Sequences. J. Virol. 77: 6889-6898 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yang, O. O., Sarkis, P. T. N., Ali, A., Harlow, J. D., Brander, C., Kalams, S. A., Walker, B. D. (2003). Determinants of HIV-1 Mutational Escape From Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. JEM 197: 1365-1375 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mothe, B. R., Weinfurter, J., Wang, C., Rehrauer, W., Wilson, N., Allen, T. M., Allison, D. B., Watkins, D. I. (2003). Expression of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecule Mamu-A*01 Is Associated with Control of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Replication. J. Virol. 77: 2736-2740 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fuller, M. J., Zajac, A. J. (2003). Ablation of CD8 and CD4 T Cell Responses by High Viral Loads. J. Immunol. 170: 477-486 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Vogel, T. U., Horton, H., Fuller, D. H., Carter, D. K., Vielhuber, K., O'Connor, D. H., Shipley, T., Fuller, J., Sutter, G., Erfle, V., Wilson, N., Picker, L. J., Watkins, D. I. (2002). Differences Between T Cell Epitopes Recognized After Immunization and After Infection. J. Immunol. 169: 4511-4521 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sester, M., Sester, U., Gartner, B. C., Girndt, M., Meyerhans, A., Kohler, H. (2002). Dominance of Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells in Human Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13: 2577-2584 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yu, X. G., Addo, M. M., Rosenberg, E. S., Rodriguez, W. R., Lee, P. K., Fitzpatrick, C. A., Johnston, M. N., Strick, D., Goulder, P. J. R., Walker, B. D., Altfeld, M. (2002). Consistent Patterns in the Development and Immunodominance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Responses following Acute HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol. 76: 8690-8701 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tang, J., Tang, S., Lobashevsky, E., Myracle, A. D., Fideli, U., Aldrovandi, G., Allen, S., Musonda, R., Kaslow, R. A. (2002). Favorable and Unfavorable HLA Class I Alleles and Haplotypes in Zambians Predominantly Infected with Clade C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 76: 8276-8284 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Brander, C., Raje, N., O'Connor, P. G., Davies, F., Davis, J., Chauhan, D., Hideshima, T., Martin, J., Osmond, D., Kedes, D. H., Walker, B. D., Scadden, D. T., Anderson, K. C. (2002). Absence of biologically important Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene products and virus-specific cellular immune responses in multiple myeloma. Blood 100: 698-700 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lauer, G. M., Ouchi, K., Chung, R. T., Nguyen, T. N., Day, C. L., Purkis, D. R., Reiser, M., Kim, A. Y., Lucas, M., Klenerman, P., Walker, B. D. (2002). Comprehensive Analysis of CD8+-T-Cell Responses against Hepatitis C Virus Reveals Multiple Unpredicted Specificities. J. Virol. 76: 6104-6113 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Garba, M. L., Pilcher, C. D., Bingham, A. L., Eron, J., Frelinger, J. A. (2002). HIV Antigens Can Induce TGF-{beta}1-Producing Immunoregulatory CD8+ T Cells. J. Immunol. 168: 2247-2254 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mothe, B. R., Horton, H., Carter, D. K., Allen, T. M., Liebl, M. E., Skinner, P., Vogel, T. U., Fuenger, S., Vielhuber, K., Rehrauer, W., Wilson, N., Franchini, G., Altman, J. D., Haase, A., Picker, L. J., Allison, D. B., Watkins, D. I. (2002). Dominance of CD8 Responses Specific for Epitopes Bound by a Single Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecule during the Acute Phase of Viral Infection. J. Virol. 76: 875-884 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Betts, M. R., Ambrozak, D. R., Douek, D. C., Bonhoeffer, S., Brenchley, J. M., Casazza, J. P., Koup, R. A., Picker, L. J. (2001). Analysis of Total Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cell Responses: Relationship to Viral Load in Untreated HIV Infection. J. Virol. 75: 11983-11991 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Scott, Z. A., Chadwick, E. G., Gibson, L. L., Catalina, M. D., McManus, M. M., Yogev, R., Palumbo, P., Sullivan, J. L., Britto, P., Gay, H., Luzuriaga, K. (2001). Infrequent Detection of HIV-1-Specific, But Not Cytomegalovirus-Specific, CD8+ T Cell Responses in Young HIV-1-Infected Infants. J. Immunol. 167: 7134-7140 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sieg, S. F., Bazdar, D. A., Harding, C. V., Lederman, M. M. (2001). Differential Expression of Interleukin-2 and Gamma Interferon in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease. J. Virol. 75: 9983-9985 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Catalina, M. D., Sullivan, J. L., Bak, K. R., Luzuriaga, K. (2001). Differential Evolution and Stability of Epitope-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses in EBV Infection. J. Immunol. 167: 4450-4457 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Novitsky, V., Rybak, N., McLane, M. F., Gilbert, P., Chigwedere, P., Klein, I., Gaolekwe, S., Chang, S. Y., Peter, T., Thior, I., Ndung'u, T., Vannberg, F., Foley, B. T., Marlink, R., Lee, T. H., Essex, M. (2001). Identification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Gag-, Tat-, Rev-, and Nef-Specific Elispot-Based Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses for AIDS Vaccine Design. J. Virol. 75: 9210-9228 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Goulder, P. J., Jeena, P., Tudor-Williams, G., Burchett, S. (2001). Paediatric HIV infection: correlates of protective immunity and global perspectives in prevention and management. Br Med Bull 58: 89-108 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hislop, A. D., Annels, N. E., Gudgeon, N. H., Leese, A. M., Rickinson, A. B. (2002). Epitope-specific Evolution of Human CD8+ T Cell Responses from Primary to Persistent Phases of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. JEM 195: 893-905 [Abstract] [Full Text]