Original Article

Natural Killer T Cell Activation Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Replication In Vivo

Correspondence to: Francis V. Chisari, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037. Tel:858-784-8228 Fax:858-784-2160

We have previously reported that hepatitis B virus (HBV)–specific CD8⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD4⁺ helper T lymphocytes can inhibit HBV replication in the liver of HBV transgenic mice by secreting interferon (IFN)- when they recognize viral antigen. To determine whether an activated innate immune system can also inhibit HBV replication, in this study we activated natural killer T (NKT) cells in the liver of HBV transgenic mice by a single injection of -galactosylceramide (-GalCer), a glycolipid antigen presented to V14⁺NK1.1⁺ T cells by the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I–like molecule CD1d. Within 24 h of -GalCer injection, IFN- and IFN-/ß were detected in the liver of HBV transgenic mice and HBV replication was abolished. Both of these events were temporally associated with the rapid disappearance of NKT cells from the liver, presumably reflecting activation-induced cell death, and by the recruitment of activated NK cells into the organ. In addition, prior antibody-mediated depletion of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells from the mice did not diminish the ability of -GalCer to trigger the disappearance of HBV from the liver, indicating that conventional T cells were not downstream mediators of this effect. Finally, the antiviral effect of -GalCer was inhibited in mice that are genetically deficient for either IFN- or the IFN-/ß receptor, indicating that most of the antiviral activity of -GalCer is mediated by these cytokines. Based on these results, we conclude that -GalCer inhibits HBV replication by directly activating NKT cells and by secondarily activating NK cells to secrete antiviral cytokines in the liver. In view of these findings, we suggest that, if activated, the innate immune response, like the adaptive immune response, has the potential to control viral replication during natural HBV infection. In addition, the data suggest that therapeutic activation of NKT cells may represent a new strategy for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.

Key Words: natural killer T cells, transgenic/knockout, hepatitis B virus, immunity, liver

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Guy, C. S., Mulrooney-Cousins, P. M., Churchill, N. D., Michalak, T. I. (2008). Intrahepatic Expression of Genes Affiliated with Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Immediately after Invasion and during Acute Infection with Woodchuck Hepadnavirus. J. Virol. 82: 8579-8591 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Golden-Mason, L, Madrigal-Estebas, L, McGrath, E, Conroy, M J, Ryan, E J, Hegarty, J E, O'Farrelly, C, Doherty, D G (2008). Altered natural killer cell subset distributions in resolved and persistent hepatitis C virus infection following single source exposure. Gut 57: 1121-1128 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ito, H., Ando, K., Ishikawa, T., Nakayama, T., Taniguchi, M., Saito, K., Imawari, M., Moriwaki, H., Yokochi, T., Kakumu, S., Seishima, M. (2008). Role of V{alpha}14+ NKT cells in the development of Hepatitis B virus-specific CTL: activation of V{alpha}14+ NKT cells promotes the breakage of CTL tolerance. Int Immunol 20: 869-879 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Raftery, M. J., Hitzler, M., Winau, F., Giese, T., Plachter, B., Kaufmann, S. H. E., Schonrich, G. (2008). Inhibition of CD1 Antigen Presentation by Human Cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 82: 4308-4319 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brown, S. A., Hurwitz, J. L., Zirkel, A., Surman, S., Takimoto, T., Alymova, I., Coleclough, C., Portner, A., Doherty, P. C., Slobod, K. S. (2007). A Recombinant Sendai Virus Is Controlled by CD4+ Effector T Cells Responding to a Secreted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein. J. Virol. 81: 12535-12542 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ajuebor, M. N. (2007). Role of NKT Cells in the Digestive System. I. Invariant NKT cells and liver diseases: is there strength in numbers?. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 293: G651-G656 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Parker, A. K., Parker, S., Yokoyama, W. M., Corbett, J. A., Buller, R. M. L. (2007). Induction of Natural Killer Cell Responses by Ectromelia Virus Controls Infection. J. Virol. 81: 4070-4079 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Murata, K., Moriyama, M. (2007). Isoleucine, an Essential Amino Acid, Prevents Liver Metastases of Colon Cancer by Antiangiogenesis. Cancer Res. 67: 3263-3268 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dunn, C., Brunetto, M., Reynolds, G., Christophides, T., Kennedy, P. T., Lampertico, P., Das, A., Lopes, A. R., Borrow, P., Williams, K., Humphreys, E., Afford, S., Adams, D. H., Bertoletti, A., Maini, M. K. (2007). Cytokines induced during chronic hepatitis B virus infection promote a pathway for NK cell-mediated liver damage. JEM 204: 667-680 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thio, C. L., Astemborski, J., Bashirova, A., Mosbruger, T., Greer, S., Witt, M. D., Goedert, J. J., Hilgartner, M., Majeske, A., O'Brien, S. J., Thomas, D. L., Carrington, M. (2007). Genetic Protection against Hepatitis B Virus Conferred by CCR5{Delta}32: Evidence that CCR5 Contributes to Viral Persistence. J. Virol. 81: 441-445 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lappas, C. M., Day, Y.-J., Marshall, M. A., Engelhard, V. H., Linden, J. (2006). Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting CD1d-dependent NKT cell activation. JEM 203: 2639-2648 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Raftery, M. J., Winau, F., Kaufmann, S. H. E., Schaible, U. E., Schonrich, G. (2006). CD1 Antigen Presentation by Human Dendritic Cells as a Target for Herpes Simplex Virus Immune Evasion. J. Immunol. 177: 6207-6214 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hwang, S. J., Kim, S., Park, W. S., Chung, D. H. (2006). IL-4-Secreting NKT Cells Prevent Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis by Suppressing IFN-{gamma}-Producing Neutrophils. J. Immunol. 177: 5258-5268 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Riordan, S. M., Skinner, N., Kurtovic, J., Locarnini, S., Visvanathan, K. (2006). Reduced expression of toll-like receptor 2 on peripheral monocytes in patients with chronic hepatitis B.. CVI 13: 972-974 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ilyinskii, P. O., Wang, R., Balk, S. P., Exley, M. A. (2006). CD1d Mediates T-Cell-Dependent Resistance to Secondary Infection with Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) In Vitro and Immune Response to EMCV Infection In Vivo. J. Virol. 80: 7146-7158 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brutkiewicz, R. R. (2006). CD1d Ligands: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. J. Immunol. 177: 769-775 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bertoletti, A., Gehring, A. J. (2006). The immune response during hepatitis B virus infection. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 1439-1449 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, H. J., Kim, H. Y., Kim, B. K., Kim, S., Chung, D. H. (2006). Engagement of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor Costimulates NKT Cell Activation In Vitro and In Vivo. J. Immunol. 176: 3507-3515 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kimura, K., Nagaki, M., Nishihira, J., Satake, S., Kuwata, K., Moriwaki, H. (2006). Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in hepatitis B virus-specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-induced liver injury.. CVI 13: 415-419 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, Z.-Y., Kusam, S., Munugalavadla, V., Kapur, R., Brutkiewicz, R. R., Dent, A. L. (2006). Regulation of Th2 Cytokine Expression in NKT Cells: Unconventional Use of Stat6, GATA-3, and NFAT2. J. Immunol. 176: 880-888 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Takai, S., Kimura, K., Nagaki, M., Satake, S., Kakimi, K., Moriwaki, H. (2005). Blockade of Neutrophil Elastase Attenuates Severe Liver Injury in Hepatitis B Transgenic Mice. J. Virol. 79: 15142-15150 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Svensson, M., Zubairi, S., Maroof, A., Kazi, F., Taniguchi, M., Kaye, P. M. (2005). Invariant NKT Cells Are Essential for the Regulation of Hepatic CXCL10 Gene Expression during Leishmania donovani Infection. Infect. Immun. 73: 7541-7547 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bilenki, L., Wang, S., Yang, J., Fan, Y., Joyee, A. G., Yang, X. (2005). NK T Cell Activation Promotes Chlamydia trachomatis Infection In Vivo. J. Immunol. 175: 3197-3206 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wieland, S. F., Chisari, F. V. (2005). Stealth and Cunning: Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viruses. J. Virol. 79: 9369-9380 [Full Text]  
• Thio, C. L., Mosbruger, T., Astemborski, J., Greer, S., Kirk, G. D., O'Brien, S. J., Thomas, D. L. (2005). Mannose Binding Lectin Genotypes Influence Recovery from Hepatitis B Virus Infection. J. Virol. 79: 9192-9196 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ronet, C., Darche, S., de Moraes, M. L., Miyake, S., Yamamura, T., Louis, J. A., Kasper, L. H., Buzoni-Gatel, D. (2005). NKT Cells Are Critical for the Initiation of an Inflammatory Bowel Response against Toxoplasma gondii. J. Immunol. 175: 899-908 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Isogawa, M., Robek, M. D., Furuichi, Y., Chisari, F. V. (2005). Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Replication In Vivo. J. Virol. 79: 7269-7272 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Oh, K., Kim, S., Park, S.-H., Gu, H., Roopenian, D., Chung, D. H., Kim, Y. S., Lee, D.-S. (2005). Direct Regulatory Role of NKT Cells in Allogeneic Graft Survival Is Dependent on the Quantitative Strength of Antigenicity. J. Immunol. 174: 2030-2036 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lin, Y., Roberts, T. J., Spence, P. M., Brutkiewicz, R. R. (2005). Reduction in CD1d expression on dendritic cells and macrophages by an acute virus infection. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77: 151-158 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thoren, F., Romero, A., Lindh, M., Dahlgren, C., Hellstrand, K. (2004). A hepatitis C virus-encoded, nonstructural protein (NS3) triggers dysfunction and apoptosis in lymphocytes: role of NADPH oxidase-derived oxygen radicals. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76: 1180-1186 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hansson, M., Romero, A., Thoren, F., Hermodsson, S., Hellstrand, K. (2004). Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes by interferon-{alpha}: role of oxygen radical-producing mononuclear phagocytes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76: 1207-1213 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Deng, J. C., Moore, T. A., Newstead, M. W., Zeng, X., Krieg, A. M., Standiford, T. J. (2004). CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Stimulate Protective Innate Immunity against Pulmonary Klebsiella Infection. J. Immunol. 173: 5148-5155 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Amprey, J. L., Im, J. S., Turco, S. J., Murray, H. W., Illarionov, P. A., Besra, G. S., Porcelli, S. A., Spath, G. F. (2004). A Subset of Liver NK T Cells Is Activated during Leishmania donovani Infection by CD1d-bound Lipophosphoglycan. JEM 200: 895-904 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ahmad, A., Alvarez, F. (2004). Role of NK and NKT cells in the immunopathogenesis of HCV-induced hepatitis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76: 743-759 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fiedler, M., Rodicker, F., Salucci, V., Lu, M., Aurisicchio, L., Dahmen, U., Jun, L., Dirsch, O., Putzer, B. M., Palombo, F., Roggendorf, M. (2004). Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Delivery of Woodchuck-Specific Genes for Alpha Interferon (IFN-{alpha}) and IFN-{gamma}: IFN-{alpha} but Not IFN-{gamma} Reduces Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Replication in Chronic Infection In Vivo. J. Virol. 78: 10111-10121 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Durante-Mangoni, E., Wang, R., Shaulov, A., He, Q., Nasser, I., Afdhal, N., Koziel, M. J., Exley, M. A. (2004). Hepatic CD1d Expression in Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Recognition by Resident Proinflammatory CD1d-Reactive T Cells. J. Immunol. 173: 2159-2166 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mehta, A. S., Gu, B., Conyers, B., Ouzounov, S., Wang, L., Moriarty, R. M., Dwek, R. A., Block, T. M. (2004). {alpha}-Galactosylceramide and Novel Synthetic Glycolipids Directly Induce the Innate Host Defense Pathway and Have Direct Activity against Hepatitis B and C Viruses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 2085-2090 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Falcone, M., Facciotti, F., Ghidoli, N., Monti, P., Olivieri, S., Zaccagnino, L., Bonifacio, E., Casorati, G., Sanvito, F., Sarvetnick, N. (2004). Up-Regulation of CD1d Expression Restores the Immunoregulatory Function of NKT Cells and Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. J. Immunol. 172: 5908-5916 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sandberg, J. K., Stoddart, C. A., Brilot, F., Jordan, K. A., Nixon, D. F. (2004). Development of innate CD4+ {alpha}-chain variable gene segment 24 (V{alpha}24) natural killer T cells in the early human fetal thymus is regulated by IL-7. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 7058-7063 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sun, R., Tian, Z., Kulkarni, S., Gao, B. (2004). IL-6 Prevents T Cell-Mediated Hepatitis via Inhibition of NKT Cells in CD4+ T Cell- and STAT3-Dependent Manners. J. Immunol. 172: 5648-5655 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nieda, M., Okai, M., Tazbirkova, A., Lin, H., Yamaura, A., Ide, K., Abraham, R., Juji, T., Macfarlane, D. J., Nicol, A. J. (2004). Therapeutic activation of V{alpha}24+V{beta}11+ NKT cells in human subjects results in highly coordinated secondary activation of acquired and innate immunity. Blood 103: 383-389 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Campos, R. A., Szczepanik, M., Itakura, A., Akahira-Azuma, M., Sidobre, S., Kronenberg, M., Askenase, P. W. (2003). Cutaneous Immunization Rapidly Activates Liver Invariant V{alpha}14 NKT Cells Stimulating B-1 B Cells to Initiate T Cell Recruitment for Elicitation of Contact Sensitivity. JEM 198: 1785-1796 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rauch, J., Gumperz, J., Robinson, C., Skold, M., Roy, C., Young, D. C., Lafleur, M., Moody, D. B., Brenner, M. B., Costello, C. E., Behar, S. M. (2003). Structural Features of the Acyl Chain Determine Self-phospholipid Antigen Recognition by a CD1d-restricted Invariant NKT (iNKT) Cell. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 47508-47515 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lin, S.-J., Shu, P.-Y., Chang, C., Ng, A.-K., Hu, C.-p. (2003). IL-4 Suppresses the Expression and the Replication of Hepatitis B Virus in the Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line Hep3B. J. Immunol. 171: 4708-4716 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Skold, M., Behar, S. M. (2003). Role of CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells in Microbial Immunity. Infect. Immun. 71: 5447-5455 [Full Text]  
• Gansuvd, B., Hubbard, W. J., Hutchings, A., Thomas, F. T., Goodwin, J., Wilson, S. B., Exley, M. A., Thomas, J. M. (2003). Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Long-Term Cultured Rhesus Macaque Spleen-Derived NKT Cells. J. Immunol. 171: 2904-2911 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hayakawa, Y., Rovero, S., Forni, G., Smyth, M. J. (2003). {alpha}-Galactosylceramide (KRN7000) suppression of chemical- and oncogene-dependent carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 9464-9469 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fujii, S.-i., Shimizu, K., Smith, C., Bonifaz, L., Steinman, R. M. (2003). Activation of Natural Killer T Cells by {alpha}-Galactosylceramide Rapidly Induces the Full Maturation of Dendritic Cells In Vivo and Thereby Acts as an Adjuvant for Combined CD4 and CD8 T Cell Immunity to a Coadministered Protein. JEM 198: 267-279 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Huber, S., Sartini, D., Exley, M. (2003). Role of CD1d in Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis. J. Immunol. 170: 3147-3153 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miyahira, Y., Katae, M., Takeda, K., Yagita, H., Okumura, K., Kobayashi, S., Takeuchi, T., Kamiyama, T., Fukuchi, Y., Aoki, T. (2003). Activation of Natural Killer T Cells by {alpha}-Galactosylceramide Impairs DNA Vaccine-Induced Protective Immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect. Immun. 71: 1234-1241 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Uprichard, S. L., Wieland, S. F., Althage, A., Chisari, F. V. (2003). Transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of hepatitis B virus gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 1310-1315 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van Dommelen, S. L. H., Tabarias, H. A., Smyth, M. J., Degli-Esposti, M. A. (2003). Activation of Natural Killer (NK) T Cells during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Enhances the Antiviral Response Mediated by NK Cells. J. Virol. 77: 1877-1884 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lucas, M., Gadola, S., Meier, U., Young, N. T., Harcourt, G., Karadimitris, A., Coumi, N., Brown, D., Dusheiko, G., Cerundolo, V., Klenerman, P. (2003). Frequency and Phenotype of Circulating V{alpha}24/V{beta}11 Double-Positive Natural Killer T Cells during Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J. Virol. 77: 2251-2257 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Grubor-Bauk, B., Simmons, A., Mayrhofer, G., Speck, P. G. (2003). Impaired Clearance of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 From Mice Lacking CD1d or NKT Cells Expressing the Semivariant V{alpha}14-J{alpha}281 TCR. J. Immunol. 170: 1430-1434 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wieland, S. F., Vega, R. G., Muller, R., Evans, C. F., Hilbush, B., Guidotti, L. G., Sutcliffe, J. G., Schultz, P. G., Chisari, F. V. (2002). Searching for Interferon-Induced Genes That Inhibit Hepatitis B Virus Replication in Transgenic Mouse Hepatocytes. J. Virol. 77: 1227-1236 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thimme, R., Wieland, S., Steiger, C., Ghrayeb, J., Reimann, K. A., Purcell, R. H., Chisari, F. V. (2002). CD8+ T Cells Mediate Viral Clearance and Disease Pathogenesis during Acute Hepatitis B Virus Infection. J. Virol. 77: 68-76 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Robek, M. D., Wieland, S. F., Chisari, F. V. (2002). Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Interferon Requires Proteasome Activity. J. Virol. 76: 3570-3574 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chackerian, A., Alt, J., Perera, V., Behar, S. M. (2002). Activation of NKT Cells Protects Mice from Tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 70: 6302-6309 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kimura, K., Kakimi, K., Wieland, S., Guidotti, L. G., Chisari, F. V. (2002). Activated Intrahepatic Antigen-Presenting Cells Inhibit Hepatitis B Virus Replication in the Liver of Transgenic Mice. J. Immunol. 169: 5188-5195 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boyson, J. E., Rybalov, B., Koopman, L. A., Exley, M., Balk, S. P., Racke, F. K., Schatz, F., Masch, R., Wilson, S. B., Strominger, J. L. (2002). CD1d and invariant NKT cells at the human maternal-fetal interface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 13741-13746 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, P. L., Althage, A., Chung, J., Chisari, F. V. (2002). Hydrodynamic injection of viral DNA: A mouse model of acute hepatitis B virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 13825-13830 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kimura, K., Kakimi, K., Wieland, S., Guidotti, L. G., Chisari, F. V. (2002). Interleukin-18 Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Replication in the Livers of Transgenic Mice. J. Virol. 76: 10702-10707 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kakimi, K., Isogawa, M., Chung, J., Sette, A., Chisari, F. V. (2002). Immunogenicity and Tolerogenicity of Hepatitis B Virus Structural and Nonstructural Proteins: Implications for Immunotherapy of Persistent Viral Infections. J. Virol. 76: 8609-8620 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sandberg, J. K., Fast, N. M., Palacios, E. H., Fennelly, G., Dobroszycki, J., Palumbo, P., Wiznia, A., Grant, R. M., Bhardwaj, N., Rosenberg, M. G., Nixon, D. F. (2002). Selective Loss of Innate CD4+ V{alpha}24 Natural Killer T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J. Virol. 76: 7528-7534 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Trobonjaca, Z., Kroger, A., Stober, D., Leithauser, F., Moller, P., Hauser, H., Schirmbeck, R., Reimann, J. (2002). Activating Immunity in the Liver. II. IFN-{beta} Attenuates NK Cell-Dependent Liver Injury Triggered by Liver NKT Cell Activation. J. Immunol. 168: 3763-3770 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Johnson, T. R., Hong, S., Van Kaer, L., Koezuka, Y., Graham, B. S. (2002). NK T Cells Contribute to Expansion of CD8+ T Cells and Amplification of Antiviral Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J. Virol. 76: 4294-4303 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gumperz, J. E., Miyake, S., Yamamura, T., Brenner, M. B. (2002). Functionally Distinct Subsets of CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T Cells Revealed by CD1d Tetramer Staining. JEM 195: 625-636 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bendelac, A., Medzhitov, R. (2002). Adjuvants of Immunity: Harnessing Innate Immunity to Promote Adaptive Immunity. JEM 195: F19-F23 [Full Text]  
• Stromnes, I. M., Dittmer, U., Schumacher, T. N. M., Schepers, K., Messer, R. J., Evans, L. H., Peterson, K. E., Race, B., Hasenkrug, K. J. (2002). Temporal Effects of Gamma Interferon Deficiency on the Course of Friend Retrovirus Infection in Mice. J. Virol. 76: 2225-2232 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Exley, M. A., He, Q., Cheng, O., Wang, R.-J., Cheney, C. P., Balk, S. P., Koziel, M. J. (2002). Cutting Edge: Compartmentalization of Th1-Like Noninvariant CD1d-Reactive T Cells in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Liver. J. Immunol. 168: 1519-1523 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van der Vliet, H. J. J., von Blomberg, B. M. E., Hazenberg, M. D., Nishi, N., Otto, S. A., van Benthem, B. H., Prins, M., Claessen, F. A., van den Eertwegh, A. J. M., Giaccone, G., Miedema, F., Scheper, R. J., Pinedo, H. M. (2002). Selective Decrease in Circulating V{alpha}24+V{beta}11+ NKT Cells During HIV Type 1 Infection. J. Immunol. 168: 1490-1495 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kakimi, K., Lane, T. E., Wieland, S., Asensio, V. C., Campbell, I. L., Chisari, F. V., Guidotti, L. G. (2001). Blocking Chemokine Responsive to {gamma}-2/Interferon (IFN)-{gamma} Inducible Protein and Monokine Induced by IFN-{gamma} Activity In Vivo Reduces the Pathogenetic but not the Antiviral Potential of Hepatitis B Virus-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. JEM 194: 1755-1766 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kakimi, K., Lane, T. E., Chisari, F. V., Guidotti, L. G. (2001). Cutting Edge: Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Activated NK T Cells Does Not Require Inflammatory Cell Recruitment to the Liver. J. Immunol. 167: 6701-6705 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hobbs, J. A., Cho, S., Roberts, T. J., Sriram, V., Zhang, J., Xu, M., Brutkiewicz, R. R. (2001). Selective Loss of Natural Killer T Cells by Apoptosis following Infection with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. J. Virol. 75: 10746-10754 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Exley, M. A., Tahir, S. M. A., Cheng, O., Shaulov, A., Joyce, R., Avigan, D., Sackstein, R., Balk, S. P. (2001). Cutting Edge: A Major Fraction of Human Bone Marrow Lymphocytes Are Th2-Like CD1d-Reactive T Cells That Can Suppress Mixed Lymphocyte Responses. J. Immunol. 167: 5531-5534 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, B., Geng, Y.-B., Wang, C.-R. (2001). CD1-restricted NK T Cells Protect Nonobese Diabetic Mice from Developing Diabetes. JEM 194: 313-320 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Trobonjaca, Z., Leithauser, F., Moller, P., Schirmbeck, R., Reimann, J. (2001). Activating Immunity in the Liver. I. Liver Dendritic Cells (but Not Hepatocytes) Are Potent Activators of IFN-{gamma} Release by Liver NKT Cells. J. Immunol. 167: 1413-1422 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Exley, M. A., Bigley, N. J., Cheng, O., Tahir, S. M. A., Smiley, S. T., Carter, Q. L., Stills, H. F., Grusby, M. J., Koezuka, Y., Taniguchi, M., Balk, S. P. (2001). CD1d-reactive T-cell activation leads to amelioration of disease caused by diabetogenic encephalomyocarditis virus. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69: 713-718 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Karadimitris, A., Gadola, S., Altamirano, M., Brown, D., Woolfson, A., Klenerman, P., Chen, J.-L., Koezuka, Y., Roberts, I. A. G., Price, D. A., Dusheiko, G., Milstein, C., Fersht, A., Luzzatto, L., Cerundolo, V. (2001). From the Cover: Human CD1d-glycolipid tetramers generated by in vitro oxidative refolding chromatography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 3294-3298 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search

TABLE OF CONTENTS