Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol 177, 249-256, Copyright © 1993 by Rockefeller University Press

ARTICLES

Quantitative analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV- 1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response at different stages of HIV-1 infection: differential CTL responses to HIV-1 and Epstein- Barr virus in late disease

A Carmichael, X Jin, P Sissons and L Borysiewicz
Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge Clinical School, United Kingdom.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are part of the cellular immune response to human persistent virus infections. Measurements of the frequency and specificity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CTL and their variation with time may indicate their relative importance in modulating the progression of HIV-1 infection. We have used limiting dilution analysis (LDA) to derive quantitative estimates of the frequency of HIV-1-specific CTL precursors in a cross-sectional study of 23 patients at different clinical stages of HIV-1 infection and to compare these with the frequency of CTL precursors specific for another persistent virus (Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]) in the same patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated in vitro with autologous HIV-1-infected lymphoblasts and assayed for cytotoxicity in 51Cr release assays against autologous and MHC-mismatched lymphoblastoid B cells infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the three HIV-1 structural gene products. The frequency of MHC-restricted precursors was high in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients (env-specific CTL precursors up to 73/10(6) PBMC; gag-specific CTL precursors up to 488/10(6) PBMC), although the relative frequency against the different structural gene products varied from patient to patient. The HIV-1-specific CTL precursor frequency was reduced in patients who had more severe (< 400/microliters) CD4+ lymphocyte depletion, while in the majority of such patients the frequency of CTL precursors against EBV was maintained at levels observed in healthy controls. Direct CTL activity in unstimulated PBMC was observed in three of nine patients but no correlation was found between the presence of an activated CTL response and the magnitude of the CTL response detected after stimulation in LDA. Thus, CTL precursors were detected against all three HIV-1 structural gene products in patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts > 400/microliters, at frequencies that are high compared with those reported for other persistent viruses. A CTL response directed against multiple protein antigens of HIV-1 may protect the patient against epitope variation. The fact that the EBV- specific CTL precursor frequencies were maintained in advanced HIV-1 infection suggests that there may be selective impairment of the HIV-1- specific CTL response associated with disease progression.
CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Fujiwara, M., Takiguchi, M. (2007). HIV-1 specific CTLs effectively suppress replication of HIV-1 in HIV-1 infected macrophages. Blood 109: 4832-4838 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Acierno, P. M., Schmitz, J. E., Gorgone, D. A., Sun, Y., Santra, S., Seaman, M. S., Newberg, M. H., Mascola, J. R., Nabel, G. J., Panicali, D., Letvin, N. L. (2006). Preservation of Functional Virus-Specific Memory CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Vaccinated, Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Monkeys. J. Immunol. 176: 5338-5345 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Albareda, M. C., Laucella, S. A., Alvarez, M. G., Armenti, A. H., Bertochi, G., Tarleton, R. L., Postan, M. (2006). Trypanosoma cruzi modulates the profile of memory CD8+ T cells in chronic Chagas' disease patients. Int Immunol 18: 465-471 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ochsenbein, A. F., Riddell, S. R., Brown, M., Corey, L., Baerlocher, G. M., Lansdorp, P. M., Greenberg, P. D. (2004). CD27 Expression Promotes Long-Term Survival of Functional Effector-Memory CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in HIV-infected Patients. JEM 200: 1407-1417 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhang, H., Fayad, R., Wang, X., Quinn, D., Qiao, L. (2004). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag-Specific Mucosal Immunity after Oral Immunization with Papillomavirus Pseudoviruses Encoding Gag. J. Virol. 78: 10249-10257 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Di Mascio, M., Markowitz, M., Louie, M., Hurley, A., Hogan, C., Simon, V., Follmann, D., Ho, D. D., Perelson, A. S. (2004). Dynamics of Intermittent Viremia during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Who Initiate Therapy during Chronic versus Acute and Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol. 78: 10566-10573 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Masemola, A. M., Mashishi, T. N., Khoury, G., Bredell, H., Paximadis, M., Mathebula, T., Barkhan, D., Puren, A., Vardas, E., Colvin, M., Zijenah, L., Katzenstein, D., Musonda, R., Allen, S., Kumwenda, N., Taha, T., Gray, G., McIntyre, J., Karim, S. A., Sheppard, H. W., Gray, C. M. (2004). Novel and Promiscuous CTL Epitopes in Conserved Regions of Gag Targeted by Individuals with Early Subtype C HIV Type 1 Infection from Southern Africa. J. Immunol. 173: 4607-4617 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, S.-K., Welsh, R. M. (2004). Comprehensive Early and Lasting Loss of Memory CD8 T Cells and Functional Memory during Acute and Persistent Viral Infections. J. Immunol. 172: 3139-3150 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chun, T.-W., Justement, J. S., Sanford, C., Hallahan, C. W., Planta, M. A., Loutfy, M., Kottilil, S., Moir, S., Kovacs, C., Fauci, A. S. (2004). Relationship between the frequency of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and the level of CD38+CD8+ T cells in untreated HIV-infected individuals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 2464-2469 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jamieson, B. D., Yang, O. O., Hultin, L., Hausner, M. A., Hultin, P., Matud, J., Kunstman, K., Killian, S., Altman, J., Kommander, K., Korber, B., Giorgi, J., Wolinsky, S. (2003). Epitope Escape Mutation and Decay of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CTL Responses. J. Immunol. 171: 5372-5379 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Smith, S. M., Pentlicky, S., Klase, Z., Singh, M., Neuveut, C., Lu, C.-y., Reitz, M. S. Jr., Yarchoan, R., Marx, P. A., Jeang, K.-T. (2003). An in Vivo Replication-important Function in the Second Coding Exon of Tat Is Constrained against Mutation despite Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Selection. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 44816-44825 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Corbet, S., Nielsen, H. V., Vinner, L., Lauemoller, S., Therrien, D., Tang, S., Kronborg, G., Mathiesen, L., Chaplin, P., Brunak, S., Buus, S., Fomsgaard, A. (2003). Optimization and immune recognition of multiple novel conserved HLA-A2, human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific CTL epitopes. J. Gen. Virol. 84: 2409-2421 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cao, J., McNevin, J., Holte, S., Fink, L., Corey, L., McElrath, M. J. (2003). Comprehensive Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific Gamma Interferon-Secreting CD8+ T Cells in Primary HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol. 77: 6867-6878 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Donaghy, H., Gazzard, B., Gotch, F., Patterson, S. (2003). Dysfunction and infection of freshly isolated blood myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients infected with HIV-1. Blood 101: 4505-4511 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nascimbeni, M., Mizukoshi, E., Bosmann, M., Major, M. E., Mihalik, K., Rice, C. M., Feinstone, S. M., Rehermann, B. (2003). Kinetics of CD4+ and CD8+ Memory T-Cell Responses during Hepatitis C Virus Rechallenge of Previously Recovered Chimpanzees. J. Virol. 77: 4781-4793 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brenchley, J. M., Karandikar, N. J., Betts, M. R., Ambrozak, D. R., Hill, B. J., Crotty, L. E., Casazza, J. P., Kuruppu, J., Migueles, S. A., Connors, M., Roederer, M., Douek, D. C., Koup, R. A. (2003). Expression of CD57 defines replicative senescence and antigen-induced apoptotic death of CD8+ T cells. Blood 101: 2711-2720 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Takahashi, M., Osono, E., Nakagawa, Y., Wang, J., Berzofsky, J. A., Margulies, D. H., Takahashi, H. (2002). Rapid Induction of Apoptosis in CD8+ HIV-1 Envelope-Specific Murine CTLs by Short Exposure to Antigenic Peptide. J. Immunol. 169: 6588-6593 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jin, X., Gao, X., Ramanathan, M. Jr., Deschenes, G. R., Nelson, G. W., O'Brien, S. J., Goedert, J. J., Ho, D. D., O'Brien, T. R., Carrington, M. (2002). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific CD8+-T-Cell Responses for Groups of HIV-1-Infected Individuals with Different HLA-B*35 Genotypes. J. Virol. 76: 12603-12610 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Venturini, S., Mosier, D. E., Burton, D. R., Poignard, P. (2002). Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Gag- and Gag Peptide-Specific CD4+ T-Cell Clones from an HIV-1-Seronegative Donor following In Vitro Immunization. J. Virol. 76: 6987-6999 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Currier, J. R., deSouza, M., Chanbancherd, P., Bernstein, W., Birx, D. L., Cox, J. H. (2002). Comprehensive Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype-Specific CD8 Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Definition of Degenerate Epitopes Restricted by HLA-A0207 and -CW0304 Alleles. J. Virol. 76: 4971-4986 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brassard, D. L., Grace, M. J., Bordens, R. W. (2002). Interferon-{alpha} as an immunotherapeutic protein. J. Leukoc. Biol. 71: 565-581 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lauer, G. M., Nguyen, T. N., Day, C. L., Robbins, G. K., Flynn, T., McGowan, K., Rosenberg, E. S., Lucas, M., Klenerman, P., Chung, R. T., Walker, B. D. (2002). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection: Intraindividual Comparison of Cellular Immune Responses against Two Persistent Viruses. J. Virol. 76: 2817-2826 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chang, T. L.-Y., Mosoian, A., Pine, R., Klotman, M. E., Moore, J. P. (2002). A Soluble Factor(s) Secreted from CD8+ T Lymphocytes Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication through STAT1 Activation. J. Virol. 76: 569-581 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Karulin, A. Y., Hesse, M. D., Yip, H. C., Lehmann, P. V. (2002). Indirect IL-4 Pathway in Type 1 Immunity. J. Immunol. 168: 545-553 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hel, Z., Nacsa, J., Kelsall, B., Tsai, W.-P., Letvin, N., Parks, R. W., Tryniszewska, E., Picker, L., Lewis, M. G., Edghill-Smith, Y., Moniuszko, M., Pal, R., Stevceva, L., Altman, J. D., Allen, T. M., Watkins, D., Torres, J. V., Berzofsky, J. A., Belyakov, I. M., Strober, W., Franchini, G. (2001). Impairment of Gag-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Function in Mucosal and Systemic Compartments of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus mac251- and Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus KU2-Infected Macaques. J. Virol. 75: 11483-11495 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bergmann, C. C., Ramakrishna, C., Kornacki, M., Stohlman, S. A. (2001). Impaired T Cell Immunity in B Cell-Deficient Mice Following Viral Central Nervous System Infection. J. Immunol. 167: 1575-1583 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van Baarle, D., Hovenkamp, E., Callan, M. F. C., Wolthers, K. C., Kostense, S., Tan, L. C., Niesters, H. G. M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., McMichael, A. J., van Oers, M. H. J., Miedema, F. (2001). Dysfunctional Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes and increased EBV load in HIV-1 infected individuals progressing to AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 98: 146-155 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Toungouz, M., Libin, M., Bulte, F., Faid, L., Lehmann, F., Duriau, D., Laporte, M., Gangji, D., Bruyns, C., Lambermont, M., Goldman, M., Velu, T. (2001). Transient expansion of peptide-specific lymphocytes producing IFN-{gamma} after vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with MAGE peptides in patients with mage-A1/A3-positive tumors. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69: 937-943 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Islam, S. A., Hay, C. M., Hartman, K. E., He, S., Shea, A. K., Trocha, A. K., Dynan, M. J., Reshamwala, N., Buchbinder, S. P., Basgoz, N. O., Kalams, S. A. (2001). Persistence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Clones in a Subject with Rapid Disease Progression. J. Virol. 75: 4907-4911 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chen, Z. W., Li, Y., Zeng, X., Kuroda, M. J., Schmitz, J. E., Shen, Y., Lai, X., Shen, L., Letvin, N. L. (2001). The TCR Repertoire of an Immunodominant CD8+ T Lymphocyte Population. J. Immunol. 166: 4525-4533 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vogel, T. U., Allen, T. M., Altman, J. D., Watkins, D. I. (2001). Functional Impairment of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells during the Chronic Phase of Infection. J. Virol. 75: 2458-2461 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Altfeld, M., Rosenberg, E. S., Shankarappa, R., Mukherjee, J. S., Hecht, F. M., Eldridge, R. L., Addo, M. M., Poon, S. H., Phillips, M. N., Robbins, G. K., Sax, P. E., Boswell, S., Kahn, J. O., Brander, C., Goulder, P. J.R., Levy, J. A., Mullins, J. I., Walker, B. D. (2001). Cellular Immune Responses and Viral Diversity in Individuals Treated during Acute and Early HIV-1 Infection. JEM 193: 169-180 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chun, T.-W., Justement, J. S., Moir, S., Hallahan, C. W., Ehler, L. A., Liu, S., McLaughlin, M., Dybul, M., Mican, J. M., Fauci, A. S. (2001). Suppression of HIV replication in the resting CD4+ T cell reservoir by autologous CD8+ T cells: Implications for the development of therapeutic strategies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 253-258 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ostrowski, M. A., Justement, S. J., Ehler, L., Mizell, S. B., Lui, S., Mican, J., Walker, B. D., Thomas, E. K., Seder, R., Fauci, A. S. (2000). The Role of CD4+ T Cell Help and CD40 Ligand in the In Vitro Expansion of HIV-1-Specific Memory Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cell Responses. J. Immunol. 165: 6133-6141 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Goepfert, P. A., Bansal, A., Edwards, B. H., Ritter, G. D. Jr., Tellez, I., McPherson, S. A., Sabbaj, S., Mulligan, M. J. (2000). A Significant Number of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epitope-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Detected by Tetramer Binding Do Not Produce Gamma Interferon. J. Virol. 74: 10249-10255 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cooper, L. J. N., Kalos, M., Lewinsohn, D. A., Riddell, S. R., Greenberg, P. D. (2000). Transfer of Specificity for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 into Primary Human T Lymphocytes by Introduction of T-Cell Receptor Genes. J. Virol. 74: 8207-8212 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mitsuyasu, R. T., Anton, P. A., Deeks, S. G., Scadden, D. T., Connick, E., Downs, M. T., Bakker, A., Roberts, M. R., June, C. H., Jalali, S., Lin, A. A., Pennathur-Das, R., Hege, K. M. (2000). Prolonged survival and tissue trafficking following adoptive transfer of CD4zeta gene-modified autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Blood 96: 785-793 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Appay, V., Nixon, D. F., Donahoe, S. M., Gillespie, G. M.A., Dong, T., King, A., Ogg, G. S., Spiegel, H. M.L., Conlon, C., Spina, C. A., Havlir, D. V., Richman, D. D., Waters, A., Easterbrook, P., McMichael, A. J., Rowland-Jones, S. L. (2000). HIV-specific CD8+ T Cells Produce Antiviral Cytokines but Are Impaired in Cytolytic Function. JEM 192: 63-76 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sewell, A. K., Price, D. A., Oxenius, A., Kelleher, A. D., Phillips, R. E. (2000). Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses to Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Control and Escape. Stem Cells 18: 230-244 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Crotzer, V. L., Christian, R. E., Brooks, J. M., Shabanowitz, J., Settlage, R. E., Marto, J. A., White, F. M., Rickinson, A. B., Hunt, D. F., Engelhard, V. H. (2000). Immunodominance Among EBV-Derived Epitopes Restricted by HLA-B27 Does Not Correlate with Epitope Abundance in EBV-Transformed B-Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines. J. Immunol. 164: 6120-6129 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chen, Z. W., Craiu, A., Shen, L., Kuroda, M. J., Iroku, U. C., Watkins, D. I., Voss, G., Letvin, N. L. (2000). Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Evades a Dominant Epitope-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response Through a Mutation Resulting in the Accelerated Dissociation of Viral Peptide and MHC Class I. J. Immunol. 164: 6474-6479 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Le Borgne, S., Février, M., Callebaut, C., Lee, S. P., Rivière, Y. (2000). CD8+-Cell Antiviral Factor Activity Is Not Restricted to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific T Cells and Can Block HIV Replication after Initiation of Reverse Transcription. J. Virol. 74: 4456-4464 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rinaldo, C. R. Jr., Huang, X.-L., Fan, Z., Margolick, J. B., Borowski, L., Hoji, A., Kalinyak, C., McMahon, D. K., Riddler, S. A., Hildebrand, W. H., Day, R. B., Mellors, J. W. (2000). Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) CD8+ T-Lymphocyte Reactivity during Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-1-Infected Patients with Advanced Immunodeficiency. J. Virol. 74: 4127-4138 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Helms, T., Boehm, B. O., Asaad, R. J., Trezza, R. P., Lehmann, P. V., Tary-Lehmann, M. (2000). Direct Visualization of Cytokine-Producing Recall Antigen-Specific CD4 Memory T Cells in Healthy Individuals and HIV Patients. J. Immunol. 164: 3723-3732 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Asai, T., Storkus, W. J., Whiteside, T. L. (2000). Evaluation of the Modified ELISPOT Assay for Gamma Interferon Production in Cancer Patients Receiving Antitumor Vaccines. CVI 7: 145-154 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Spiegel, H. M. L., Ogg, G. S., DeFalcon, E., Sheehy, M. E., Monard, S., Haslett, P. A. J., Gillespie, G., Donahoe, S. M., Pollack, H., Borkowsky, W., McMichael, A. J., Nixon, D. F. (2000). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1- and Cytomegalovirus-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Can Persist at High Frequency for Prolonged Periods in the Absence of Circulating Peripheral CD4+ T Cells. J. Virol. 74: 1018-1022 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Igarashi, T., Endo, Y., Englund, G., Sadjadpour, R., Matano, T., Buckler, C., Buckler-White, A., Plishka, R., Theodore, T., Shibata, R., Martin, M. (1999). Emergence of a highly pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus in a rhesus macaque treated with anti-CD8 mAb during a primary infection with a nonpathogenic virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 14049-14054 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ogg, G. S., Kostense, S., Klein, M. R., Jurriaans, S., Hamann, D., McMichael, A. J., Miedema, F. (1999). Longitudinal Phenotypic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: Correlation with Disease Progression. J. Virol. 73: 9153-9160 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kuzushima, K., Hoshino, Y., Fujii, K., Yokoyama, N., Fujita, M., Kiyono, T., Kimura, H., Morishima, T., Morishima, Y., Tsurumi, T. (1999). Rapid Determination of Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Frequencies by Flow Cytometry. Blood 94: 3094-3100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sharma, P. L., Crumpacker, C. S. (1999). Decreased Processivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Containing Didanosine-Selected Mutation Leu74Val: a Comparative Analysis of RT Variants Leu74Val and Lamivudine-Selected Met184Val. J. Virol. 73: 8448-8456 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dalod, M., Dupuis, M., Deschemin, J.-C., Sicard, D., Salmon, D., Delfraissy, J.-F., Venet, A., Sinet, M., Guillet, J.-G. (1999). Broad, Intense Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Ex Vivo CD8+ Responses in HIV Type 1-Infected Patients: Comparison with Anti-Epstein-Barr Virus Responses and Changes during Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol. 73: 7108-7116 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hanke, T., Samuel, R. V., Blanchard, T. J., Neumann, V. C., Allen, T. M., Boyson, J. E., Sharpe, S. A., Cook, N., Smith, G. L., Watkins, D. I., Cranage, M. P., McMichael, A. J. (1999). Effective Induction of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Macaques by Using a Multiepitope Gene and DNA Prime-Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Boost Vaccination Regimen. J. Virol. 73: 7524-7532 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kalams, S. A., Buchbinder, S. P., Rosenberg, E. S., Billingsley, J. M., Colbert, D. S., Jones, N. G., Shea, A. K., Trocha, A. K., Walker, B. D. (1999). Association between Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte and Helper Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol. 73: 6715-6720 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kalams, S. A., Goulder, P. J., Shea, A. K., Jones, N. G., Trocha, A. K., Ogg, G. S., Walker, B. D. (1999). Levels of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Effector and Memory Responses Decline after Suppression of Viremia with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol. 73: 6721-6728 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Weekes, M. P., Carmichael, A. J., Wills, M. R., Mynard, K., Sissons, J. G. P. (1999). Human CD28-CD8+ T Cells Contain Greatly Expanded Functional Virus-Specific Memory CTL Clones. J. Immunol. 162: 7569-7577 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jin, X., Bauer, D. E., Tuttleton, S. E., Lewin, S., Gettie, A., Blanchard, J., Irwin, C. E., Safrit, J. T., Mittler, J., Weinberger, L., Kostrikis, L. G., Zhang, L., Perelson, A. S., Ho, D. D. (1999). Dramatic Rise in Plasma Viremia after CD8+ T Cell Depletion in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Macaques. JEM 189: 991-998 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wagner, R., Leschonsky, B., Harrer, E., Paulus, C., Weber, C., Walker, B. D., Buchbinder, S., Wolf, H., Kalden, J. R., Harrer, T. (1999). Molecular and Functional Analysis of a Conserved CTL Epitope in HIV-1 p24 Recognized from a Long-Term Nonprogressor: Constraints on Immune Escape Associated with Targeting a Sequence Essential for Viral Replication. J. Immunol. 162: 3727-3734 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Weekes, M. P., Wills, M. R., Mynard, K., Carmichael, A. J., Sissons, J. G. P. (1999). The Memory Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) Response to Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Contains Individual Peptide-Specific CTL Clones That Have Undergone Extensive Expansion In Vivo. J. Virol. 73: 2099-2108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh, S. S., Koopman, G., Mooij, P., Haaksma, T. G. M., Teeuwsen, V. J. P., Bontrop, R. E., Heeney, J. L. (1999). Conserved CTL Epitopes Shared Between HIV-Infected Human Long-Term Survivors and Chimpanzees. J. Immunol. 162: 2308-2314 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dyer, W. B., Ogg, G. S., Demoitie, M.-A., Jin, X., Geczy, A. F., Rowland-Jones, S. L., McMichael, A. J., Nixon, D. F., Sullivan, J. S. (1999). Strong Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Activity in Sydney Blood Bank Cohort Patients Infected with nef-Defective HIV Type 1. J. Virol. 73: 436-443 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ohashi, T, Kubo, M, Kato, H, Iwamoto, A, Takahashi, H, Fujii, M, Kannagi, M (1999). Role of class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted and - unrestricted suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by CD8+ T lymphocytes. J. Gen. Virol. 80: 209-216 [Abstract]  
• Kalams, S. A., Walker, B. D. (1998). The Critical Need for CD4 Help in Maintaining Effective Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses. JEM 188: 2199-2204 [Full Text]  
• Alexander-Miller, M. A., Derby, M. A., Sarin, A., Henkart, P. A., Berzofsky, J. A. (1998). Supraoptimal Peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex Causes a Decrease in Bcl-2 Levels and Allows Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha  Receptor II-mediated Apoptosis of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. JEM 188: 1391-1399 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Quayle, A. J., Coston, W. M. P., K. Trocha, A., Kalams, S. A., Mayer, K. H., Anderson, D. J. (1998). Detection of HIV-1-Specific CTLs in the Semen of HIV-Infected Individuals. J. Immunol. 161: 4406-4410 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McFarland, E. J., Harding, P. A., MaWhinney, S., Schooley, R. T., Kuritzkes, D. R. (1998). In Vitro Effects of IL-12 on HIV-1-Specific CTL Lines from HIV-1-Infected Children. J. Immunol. 161: 513-519 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Haque, T., Amlot, P. L., Helling, N., Thomas, J. A., Sweny, P., Rolles, K., Burroughs, A. K., Prentice, H. G., Crawford, D. H. (1998). Reconstitution of EBV-Specific T Cell Immunity in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. J. Immunol. 160: 6204-6209 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McMichael, A. J., O'Callaghan, C. A. (1998). A New Look at T Cells. JEM 187: 1367-1371 [Full Text]  
• Kuroda, M. J., Schmitz, J. E., Barouch, D. H., Craiu, A., Allen, T. M., Sette, A., Watkins, D. I., Forman, M. A., Letvin, N. L. (1998). Analysis of Gag-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Rhesus Monkeys by Cell Staining with a Tetrameric Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Peptide Complex. JEM 187: 1373-1381 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ogg, G. S., Jin, X., Bonhoeffer, S., Dunbar, P. R., Nowak, M. A., Monard, S., Segal, J. P., Cao, Y., Rowland-Jones, S. L., Cerundolo, V., Hurley, A., Markowitz, M., Ho, D. D., Nixon, D. F., McMichael, A. J. (1998). Quantitation of HIV-1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Plasma Load of Viral RNA. Science 279: 2103-2106 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Flamand, L., Crowley, R. W., Lusso, P., Colombini-Hatch, S., Margolis, D. M., Gallo, R. C. (1998). Activation of CD8+ T lymphocytes through the T cell receptor turns on CD4 gene expression: Implications for HIV pathogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 3111-3116 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mortara, L., Letourneur, F., Gras-masse, H., Venet, A., Guillet, J.-G., Bourgault-Villada, I. (1998). Selection of Virus Variants and Emergence of Virus Escape Mutants after Immunization with an Epitope Vaccine. J. Virol. 72: 1403-1410 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Connor, R. I., Korber, B. T. M., Graham, B. S., Hahn, B. H., Ho, D. D., Walker, B. D., Neumann, A. U., Vermund, S. H., Mestecky, J., Jackson, S., Fenamore, E., Cao, Y., Gao, F., Kalams, S., Kunstman, K. J., McDonald, D., McWilliams, N., Trkola, A., Moore, J. P., Wolinsky, S. M. (1998). Immunological and Virological Analyses of Persons Infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 while Participating in Trials of Recombinant gp120 Subunit Vaccines. J. Virol. 72: 1552-1576 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bauer, M., Lucchiari-Hartz, M., Fickenscher, H., Eichmann, K., McKeating, J., Meyerhans, A. (1998). Herpesvirus Saimiri-Transformed Human CD4+ T-Cell Lines: an Efficient Target Cell System for the Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Cytotoxic CD8+ T-Lymphocyte Activity. J. Virol. 72: 1627-1631 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hanke, T, Blanchard, T., Schneider, J, Ogg, G., Tan, R, Becker, M, Gilbert, S., Hill, A., Smith, G., McMichael, A (1998). Immunogenicities of intravenous and intramuscular administrations of modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based multi-CTL epitope vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in mice. J. Gen. Virol. 79: 83-90 [Abstract]  
• Matano, T., Shibata, R., Siemon, C., Connors, M., Lane, H. C., Martin, M. A. (1998). Administration of an Anti-CD8 Monoclonal Antibody Interferes with the Clearance of Chimeric Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus during Primary Infections of Rhesus Macaques. J. Virol. 72: 164-169 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Musey, L., Hughes, J., Schacker, T., Shea, T., Corey, L., McElrath, M. J. (1997). Cytotoxic-T-Cell Responses, Viral Load, and Disease Progression in Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. NEJM 337: 1267-1274 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, O. O., Tran, A.-C., Kalams, S. A., Johnson, R. P., Roberts, M. R., Walker, B. D. (1997). Lysis of HIV-1-infected cells and inhibition of viral replication by universal receptor T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 11478-11483 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lalvani, A., Brookes, R., Hambleton, S., Britton, W. J., Hill, A. V.S., McMichael, A. J. (1997). Rapid Effector Function in CD8+ Memory T Cells. JEM 186: 859-865 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferrari, G., Berend, C., Ottinger, J., Dodge, R., Bartlett, J., Toso, J., Moody, D., Tartaglia, J., Cox, W. I., Paoletti, E., Weinhold, K.J. (1997). Replication-Defective Canarypox (ALVAC) Vectors Effectively Activate Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Present in Infected Patients: Implications for Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy. Blood 90: 2406-2416 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Johnson, R. P. (1997). Upregulation of Fas Ligand by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus---A nef-arious Mechanism of Immune Evasion?. JEM 186: 1-5 [Full Text]  
• Xu, X.-N., Screaton, G. R., Gotch, F. M., Dong, T., Tan, R., Almond, N., Walker, B., Stebbings, R., Kent, K., Nagata, S., Stott, J. E., McMichael, A. J. (1997). Evasion of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) Responses by Nef-dependent Induction of Fas Ligand (CD95L) Expression on Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Cells. JEM 186: 7-16 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Maggi, E., Manetti, R., Annunziato, F., Cosmi, L., Giudizi, M. G., Biagiotti, R., Galli, G., Zuccati, G., Romagnani, S. (1997). Functional Characterization and Modulation of Cytokine Production by CD8+ T Cells from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals. Blood 89: 3672-3681 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Goulder, P.J.R., Sewell, A.K., Lalloo, D.G., Price, D.A., Whelan, J.A., Evans, J., Taylor, G.P., Luzzi, G., Giangrande, P., Phillips, R.E., McMichael, A.J. (1997). Patterns of Immunodominance in HIV-1-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses in Two Human Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)-identical Siblings with HLA-A*0201 Are Influenced by Epitope Mutation. JEM 185: 1423-1433 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferrari, G., Humphrey, W., McElrath, M. J., Excler, J.-L., Duliege, A.-M., Clements, M. L., Corey, L. C., Bolognesi, D. P., Weinhold, K. J. (1997). Clade B-based HIV-1 vaccines elicit cross-clade cytotoxic T lymphocyte reactivities in uninfected volunteers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1396-1401 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Klenerman, P., Phillips, R. E., Rinaldo, C. R., Wahl, L. M., Ogg, G., May, R. M., McMichael, A. J., Nowak, M. A. (1996). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and viral turnover in HIV type 1 infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 15323-15328 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Altman, J. D., Moss, P. A. H., Goulder, P. J. R., Barouch, D. H., McHeyzer-Williams, M. G., Bell, J. I., McMichael, A. J., Davis, M. M. (1996). Phenotypic Analysis of Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes. Science 274: 94-96 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search

TABLE OF CONTENTS